Early career
Carter has been an adjunct political science instructor at Xavier University of Louisiana. Before his election to the state legislature, he served six years as executive assistant to New Orleans mayor Sidney Barthelemy.
Carter was elected as a member of the Louisiana House of Representatives in 1991, becoming the first African-American to serve District 102 in the Louisiana House. As a state representative in 1993, he introduced legislation to prohibit discrimination against LGBTQ individuals. After his election to the Louisiana State Senate, he filed similar legislation in 2017 and 2020.
In 1994, he was elected to represent District C on the New Orleans City Council. He served until 2002, when he unsuccessfully ran for mayor, losing the primary election to Ray Nagin and Richard Pennington. He was an unsuccessful candidate for Louisiana's 2nd congressional district seat in 2006 against then-incumbent William J. Jefferson.
After several years out of public office, Carter was elected to the Louisiana Senate in 2015. He received 12,935 votes (56.8%) in the 2015 runoff election to Jeff Arnold's 9,852 (43.2%). Carter authored or co-sponsored 75 bills that went on to become law. While also serving as chair of the Louisiana Senate Democratic Caucus, Carter chairs the Senate's Labor and Industrial Relations Committee.
Carter also chairs the Algiers Development District.