Töre (Kazakh: Төре, romanized: Töre, تورە) was a Kazakh dynasty and later a clan that is presumably the descendants of Genghis Khan. The dynasty constituted the upper class of the aristocratic elite that ruled in the Kazakh Khanate. They were also called "Aqsüiek" and "Sūltan töre". Only Töre were eligible to claim the Kazakh Khan title. The first Kazakh Khans from the Töre dynasty were Kerei Khan and Janibek Khan.
The qūn (Kazakh: Құн), also known as the legal punishment for a crime, for killing a Töre was seven times higher than for a commoner.
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Estate
Most of the Töre are descendants of Tuqa-Timur, a smaller part are Shaybanids.
Töre ruled the Kazakh Khanate throughout its history and, by the right of the descendants of Genghis Khan, had a number of privileges: the title of sultan (a khan was elected from among the sultans), possession of a feudal inheritance. Töre are also not part of any of the zhuzes.
Genetics
Most Kazakh Tore people (36%) belong to the haplogroup C2; 25% belong to R2a; 18% belong to R1a1a*; 7% to J1*; 4% to C2b1a2, G1, O2a2b1, Q*, and O2a2b1.
According to a study using molecular genealogy, Y-chromosome haplotypes from the Lu clan in northwestern China, who controversially claim to be descendants of Genghis Khan’s sixth son, Toghan, is mostly hypothesized belong to the Y-chromosome haplogroup C2b1a1b1-F1756. This haplogroup is widely distributed among Altaic-speaking populations and is closely related to the Tore clan from Kazakhstan, who claim descent from Genghis Khan’s first son, Jochi. The most recent common ancestor of the haplotype cluster, which includes the Lu and Tore clans, lived about 1000 years ago. Members of the Huo and Tuo clans, who, according to oral tradition, were close male relatives of the Lu clan, do not share common Y-chromosome lines with the Lu clan. Therefore, the haplogroup C2b1a1b1-F1756 may be another possible candidate for the true Y-chromosome lineage of Genghis Khan, but without direct evidence from Genghis Khan, this remains a hypothesis.
A 2018 study that used whole-Y-chromosome sequencing questioned the idea that the C2*-Star Cluster was the male line of Genghis Khan and analysed 18,210 individuals from 292 populations belonging to the C2*-Star Cluster (C2b1a3a1-F3796) and discovered the origin of the populations with high frequency of C2*-Star Cluster have a recent common ancestor about 2,576 years ago (95% confidence interval: 1,975–3,178 years). This is much earlier than the time of Genghis Khan. And was consistent with the spread and Migration of Mongolic-speaking people rather than with Genghis Khan or his male relatives. The authors therefore noted that the C2*-Star Cluster is a one of the founder paternal lineages of Mongolic speaking populations, but there is no proof that the C2*-Star Cluster is linked to Genghis Khan, and noted it is still not clear what Y-chromosome group Genghis Khan belonged, and called for testing of more well documented male-line descendants.
