Elizabeth of Poland (Hungarian: Erzsébet, Polish: Elżbieta; 1305 – 29 December 1380) was Queen of Hungary by marriage to Charles I of Hungary, and regent of Poland from 1370 to 1376 during the reign of her son Louis I.
Elizabeth was a member of the Polish royal House of Piast, the daughter of Władysław I the Elbow-high, prince of Kuyavia, later King of Poland, and Jadwiga of Kalisz. She was the sister of Casimir III of Poland, who died in 1370. Her older sister was Cunigunde of Poland, who was married to Bernard of Świdnica.
Elizabeth was a controversial and politically ambitious woman of her time, she is a great example of the political influence that royal women wielded in the 14th century. She had a long and eventful life as one of the most powerful women in Europe. From her tumultuous regency in Poland that ended in violence, to an assassination attempt that left her disabled, and to the introduction of the first alcohol based perfume in Europe, she lived a life that shaped Europe but is often overlooked for the achievements made by her son Louis I. She and her husband Charles I spread Hungarian hegemony throughout Central and Eastern Europe by marrying her three surviving sons to Poland, Naples, and Slavonia respectively. Elizabeth was of the last generation of the Polish royal house of Piast, a dynasty that ruled Poland to at least the mid 10th century.