In mathematics, an element (or member) of a set is any one of the distinct objects that belong to that set. For example, given a set called A containing the first four positive integers (
A
=
{
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
}
{\displaystyle A=\{1,2,3,4\}}
), one could say that "3 is an element of A", expressed notationally as
3
∈
A
{\displaystyle 3\in A}
.
Contents
Sets
Writing
A
=
{
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
}
{\displaystyle A=\{1,2,3,4\}}
means that the elements of the set A are the numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4. Sets of elements of A, for example
{
1
,
2
}
{\displaystyle \{1,2\}}
, are subsets of A.
Sets can themselves be elements. For example, consider the set
B
=
{
1
,
2
,
{
3
,
4
Notation and terminology
The binary relation "is an element of", also called set membership, is denoted by the symbol "∈". Writing
x
∈
A
{\displaystyle x\in A}
means that "x is an element of A". Equivalent expressions are "x is a member of A", "x belongs to A", "x is in A" and "x lies in A". The expressions "A includes x" and "A contains x" are also used to mean set membership, although some authors use them to mean instead "x is a subset of A". Logician George Boolos strongly urged that "contains" be used for membership only, and "includes" for the subset relation only.
For the relation ∈ , the converse relation ∈T may be written
A
∋
x
{\displaystyle A\ni x}
meaning "A contains or includes x".
The negation of set membership is denoted by the symbol "∉". Writing
x
∉
A
{\displaystyle x\notin A}
means that "x is not an element of A".
The symbol ∈ was first used by Giuseppe Peano, in his 1889 work Arithmetices principia, nova methodo exposita. Here he wrote on page X:
Signum ∈ significat est. Ita a ∈ b legitur a est quoddam b; …
Examples
Using the sets defined above, namely A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {1, 2, {3, 4}} and C = {red, 12, B}, the following statements are true:
2 ∈ A
5 ∉ A
{3, 4} ∈ B
3 ∉ B
4 ∉ B
yellow ∉ C
Cardinality of sets
The number of elements in a particular set is a property known as cardinality; informally, this is the size of a set. In the above examples, the cardinality of the set A is 4, while the cardinality of set B and set C are both 3. An infinite set is a set with an infinite number of elements, while a finite set is a set with a finite number of elements. The above examples are examples of finite sets. An example of an infinite set is the set of positive integers {1, 2, 3, 4, ...}.
Formal relation
As a relation, set membership must have a domain and a range. Conventionally the domain is called the universe denoted U. The range is the set of subsets of U called the power set of U and denoted P(U). Thus the relation
∈
{\displaystyle \in }
is a subset of U × P(U). The converse relation
∋
{\displaystyle \ni }
is a subset of P(U) × U.
